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Cyclone Val
Severe Tropical Cyclone Val, also known as Cyclone Val, was a cyclone that struck Western Samoa and American Samoa on December 4, 1991. Lasting until December 13, the cyclone moved in a west-to-east trajectory. The cyclone lasted for five days in American Samoa and was designated by the United States Government as a major disaster on December 13, 1991. Western Samoa suffered more damage than American Samoa.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=American Samoa Cyclone Val )〕 The cyclone devastated the islands with winds and waves. The overall damages caused by Cyclone Val in American Samoa have been variously assessed. One estimate put the damages at $50 million in American Samoa and $200 million in Western Samoa due to damage to electrical, water, and telephone connections and destruction of various government buildings, schools, and houses.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Representing An Entire Country: American Samoa Government v. Affiliated FM Insurance )〕
==Meteorological history==
On December 1, 1991 the Fiji Meteorological Service's Nadi Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (TCWC Nadi) started to monitor a small circulation, that had developed along the Intertropical Convergence Zone just to the north of Tokelau as a result of a surge within the westerlies. Over the next two days the system moved westwards towards Rotuma and Tuvalu where it lay near the centre of an upper level outflow mechanism.〔 During December 4, as the system continued to develop, TCWC Nadi classified it as a depression while it was located just to the southeast of Tuvalu and moving towards the northwest. Early the next day the system was named Val by TCWC Nadi, after it had developed the characteristics of a tropical cyclone and become a category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale. During that day the United States Naval Western Oceanography Center (NWOC) designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 06P and started to issue advisories, while Val started to move towards the south-southeast after the upper level north-westerly steering winds had increased.〔 During December 6, the NWOC reported that the system had become equivalent to a category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale as Val continued to steadily intensify and moved south-eastwards, away from Tuvalu and towards Western Samoa.〔 Early on December 7, TCWC Nadi reported that the system had become a category 3 severe tropical cyclone as the cyclone started to be steered southwards by upper-level northerlies.〔〔
Later that day TCWC Nadi reported that Val had reached its peak 10-minute sustained windspeeds of about 165 km/h (105 mph), which made it a category 4 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale.〔〔 The system subsequently made landfall on the Western Samoan island of Savaii at around 1800 UTC, before the NWOC reported that the cyclone had peaked with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of about 230 km/h (145 mph), which made it equivalent to a category 4 hurricane on the SSHS.〔〔 After Val had passed over the island weakening upper level winds and caused the system to slow down, before it started to move erratically and made a sharp clockwise loop which almost brought it over Savaii for a second time.〔 During December 9, Val completed its loop and started to move eastwards while starting to gradually weaken, before it passed over the American Samoan island of Tutuila early the next day.〔 After passing over American Samoa, Val initially threatened the Southern Cook Islands but changed direction during December 11 and curved more towards the south-southeast while continuing to weaken, which spared it the worst of the cyclone. During December 12, TCWC Nadi reported that Val had weakened into a category two tropical cyclone and passed the primary warning responsibility for the system to the New Zealand Meteorological Service (TCWC Wellington) after Val had moved out of its area of responsibility.〔 Shortly after moving into TCWC Wellington's area of responsibility, Val transitioned into an extratropical depression.〔 Storm force winds subsequently persisted around the center of Val's remnants for the next 3 days, before the system was captured and sheared apart by strong environmental westerlies associated with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current as it approached 50°S.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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